Understanding of Economics with urdu

Economics Definition: 

Economics is the study of how individuals and societies allocate scarce (کمی) resources for production (پیداوار), distribution (تقسیم), and consumption (خرچ کرنا), both individually and collectively.

دنیا میں ہر چیز محدود ہے۔ کچھ بھی لامحدود نہیں ہے۔ لہٰذا معاشیات میں، ہم یہ سمجھنے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں کہ ہم محدود وسائل کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے زیادہ سے زیادہ کیسے فائدہ اٹھا سکتے ہیں۔

Understanding Economics

One of the earliest recorded economic thinkers was the 8th-century B.C. Greek farmer/poet Hesiod, who wrote that labor (محنت), materials (کچھ بنانے کے لیے مواد۔ مثال کے طور پر کپڑا بنانے کے لیے روئی), and time needed to be allocated (مقرر کرنا) efficiently(مؤثر طریقے) to overcome scarcity (کمی). But the founding of modern Western economics occurred much later, generally credited to the publication of Scottish philosopher Adam Smith's 1776 book, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.1

The principle (and problem) of economics is that human beings have unlimited wants (لامحدود خواہشات) and occupy a world of limited means(محدود ذرائع). For this reason, the concepts of efficiency (کارکردگی) and productivity (پیداوری) are held paramount by economists. Increased productivity and more efficient use of resources, they argue, could lead to a higher standard of living (اعلی معیار زندگی).

Despite this view, economics has been pejoratively(طنزیہ طور پر) known as the "dismal science, (مایوس کن سائنس)" a term coined by Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle in 1849.2 He used it to criticize the liberal views on race and social equality of contemporary economists like John Stuart Mill, though some commentators suggest Carlyle was actually describing the gloomy(اداس) predictions by Thomas Robert Malthus that population growth (آبادی میں اضافہ) would always outstrip the food supply(خوراک کی فراہمی کو آگے بڑھائیں۔).